transfer commit

orchid.code-workspace

@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 {
 	"folders": [
 		{
-			"path": ".."
+			"path": "."
 		}
 	],
 	"settings": {},
 	"extensions": {
 		"recommendations": [
 			"tomoki1207.pdf",
-			"James-Yu.latex-workshop",
+			"james-yu.latex-workshop",
-			"rust-lang.rust-analyzer",
 			"bungcip.better-toml"
 		]
 	}

rust-toolchain.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[toolchain]
+channel = "nightly"

src/executor/apply_lambda.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use mappable_rc::Mrc;
 
-use crate::utils::collect_to_mrc;
+use crate::utils::{collect_to_mrc, to_mrc_slice};
 
 use super::super::representations::typed::{Clause, Expr};
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn apply_lambda_expr_rec(
 ) -> Option<Mrc<Expr>> {
   let Expr(clause, typ) = expr.as_ref();
   match clause {
-        Clause::Argument(arg_id) if *arg_id == id => {
+    Clause::LambdaArg(arg_id) | Clause::AutoArg(arg_id) if *arg_id == id => {
       let full_typ = collect_to_mrc(
         value.1.iter()
         .chain(typ.iter())
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn apply_lambda_expr_rec(
       Some(Mrc::new(Expr(value.0.to_owned(), full_typ)))
     }
     cl => {
-            apply_lambda_clause_rec(id, value, clause.clone())
+      apply_lambda_clause_rec(id, value, cl.clone())
         .map(|c| Mrc::new(Expr(c, Mrc::clone(typ))))
     }
   }
@@ -34,8 +34,7 @@ fn apply_lambda_clause_rec(
 ) -> Option<Clause> {
   match clause {
     // Only element actually manipulated
-        Clause::Argument(id) => panic!(
+    Clause::LambdaArg(_) | Clause::AutoArg(_) => Some(clause),
-            "apply_lambda_expr_rec is supposed to eliminate this case"),
     // Traverse, yield Some if either had changed.
     Clause::Apply(f, x) => {
       let new_f = apply_lambda_expr_rec(
@@ -60,20 +59,26 @@ fn apply_lambda_clause_rec(
 
 fn apply_lambda__traverse_param(
   id: u64, value: Mrc<Expr>,
-    own_id: u64, t: Option<Mrc<Clause>>, b: Mrc<Expr>,
+  own_id: u64, typ: Mrc<[Clause]>, b: Mrc<Expr>,
-    wrap: impl Fn(u64, Option<Mrc<Clause>>, Mrc<Expr>) -> Clause
+  wrap: impl Fn(u64, Mrc<[Clause]>, Mrc<Expr>) -> Clause
 ) -> Option<Clause> {
-    let new_t = t.and_then(|t| apply_lambda_clause_rec(
+  let any_t = false;
-        id, Mrc::clone(&value), t.as_ref().clone()
+  let mut t_acc = vec![];
-    ));
+  for t in typ.iter() {
+    let newt = apply_lambda_clause_rec(id, Mrc::clone(&value), t.clone());
+    any_t |= newt.is_some();
+    t_acc.push(newt.unwrap_or_else(|| t.clone()))
+  }
   // Respect shadowing
   let new_b = if own_id == id {None} else {
     apply_lambda_expr_rec(id, value, Mrc::clone(&b))
   };
-    match (new_t, new_b) { // Mind the shadows
+  if any_t { // mind the shadows
-        (None, None) => None,
+    let typ = to_mrc_slice(t_acc);
-        (None, Some(b)) => Some(wrap(own_id, t, b)),
+    if let Some(b) = new_b {
-        (Some(t), None) => Some(wrap(own_id, Some(Mrc::new(t)), b)),
+      Some(wrap(own_id, typ, b))
-        (Some(t), Some(b)) => Some(wrap(own_id, Some(Mrc::new(t)), b))
+    } else {Some(wrap(own_id, typ, b))}
-    }
+  } else if let Some(b) = new_b {
+    Some(wrap(own_id, typ, b))
+  } else {Some(wrap(own_id, typ, b))}
 }

src/executor/foreign.rs

@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-use std::any::Any;
-use std::fmt::{Display, Debug};
-use std::hash::Hash;
-
-use mappable_rc::Mrc;
-
-use crate::representations::typed::{Expr, Clause};
-
-pub trait ExternError: Display {}
-
-/// Represents an externally defined function from the perspective of the executor
-/// Since Orchid lacks basic numerical operations, these are also external functions.
-pub struct ExternFn {
-    name: String, param: Mrc<Expr>, rttype: Mrc<Expr>,
-    function: Mrc<dyn Fn(Clause) -> Result<Clause, Mrc<dyn ExternError>>>
-}
-
-impl ExternFn {
-    pub fn new<F: 'static + Fn(Clause) -> Result<Clause, Mrc<dyn ExternError>>>(
-        name: String, param: Mrc<Expr>, rttype: Mrc<Expr>, f: F
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            name, param, rttype,
-            function: Mrc::map(Mrc::new(f), |f| {
-                f as &dyn Fn(Clause) -> Result<Clause, Mrc<dyn ExternError>>
-            })
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {&self.name}
-    pub fn apply(&self, arg: Clause) -> Result<Clause, Mrc<dyn ExternError>> {(self.function)(arg)}
-}
-
-impl Clone for ExternFn { fn clone(&self) -> Self { Self {
-    name: self.name.clone(),
-    param: Mrc::clone(&self.param),
-    rttype: Mrc::clone(&self.rttype),
-    function: Mrc::clone(&self.function)
-}}}
-impl Eq for ExternFn {}
-impl PartialEq for ExternFn {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool { self.name() == other.name() }
-}
-impl Hash for ExternFn {
-    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) { self.name.hash(state) }
-}
-impl Debug for ExternFn {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "##EXTERN[{}]:{:?} -> {:?}##", self.name(), self.param, self.rttype)
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait Atomic: Any + Debug where Self: 'static {
-    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
-    fn definitely_eq(&self, _other: &dyn Any) -> bool;
-    fn hash(&self, hasher: &mut dyn std::hash::Hasher);
-}
-
-/// Represents a unit of information from the perspective of the executor. This may be
-/// something like a file descriptor which functions can operate on, but it can also be
-/// information in the universe of types or kinds such as the type of signed integers or
-/// the kind of types. Ad absurdum it can also be just a number, although Literal is
-/// preferable for types it's defined on.
-pub struct Atom {
-    typ: Mrc<Expr>,
-    data: Mrc<dyn Atomic>
-}
-impl Atom {
-    pub fn new<T: 'static + Atomic>(data: T, typ: Mrc<Expr>) -> Self { Self{
-        typ,
-        data: Mrc::map(Mrc::new(data), |d| d as &dyn Atomic)
-    } }
-    pub fn data(&self) -> &dyn Atomic { self.data.as_ref() as &dyn Atomic }
-    pub fn try_cast<T: Atomic>(&self) -> Result<&T, ()> {
-        self.data().as_any().downcast_ref().ok_or(())
-    }
-    pub fn is<T: 'static>(&self) -> bool { self.data().as_any().is::<T>() }
-    pub fn cast<T: 'static>(&self) -> &T {
-        self.data().as_any().downcast_ref().expect("Type mismatch on Atom::cast")
-    }
-}
-
-impl Clone for Atom {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self { Self {
-        typ: Mrc::clone(&self.typ),
-        data: Mrc::clone(&self.data)
-    } }
-}
-impl Hash for Atom {
-    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        self.data.hash(state);
-        self.typ.hash(state)
-    }
-}
-impl Debug for Atom {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "##ATOM[{:?}]:{:?}##", self.data(), self.typ)
-    }
-}
-impl Eq for Atom {}
-impl PartialEq for Atom {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.data().definitely_eq(other.data().as_any())
-    }
-}

src/executor/partial_hash.rs

@@ -8,46 +8,38 @@ use super::super::representations::typed::{Clause, Expr};
 use super::super::utils::Stackframe;
 
 const PARAMETRICS_INLINE_COUNT:usize = 5;
-type Parametrics<'a> = ProtoMap<'a, u64, bool, PARAMETRICS_INLINE_COUNT>;
+// type Parametrics<'a> = ProtoMap<'a, u64, bool, PARAMETRICS_INLINE_COUNT>;
 
 /// Hash the parts of an expression that are required to be equal for syntactic equality.
 pub fn partial_hash_rec<H: Hasher>(
   Expr(clause, _): &Expr, state: &mut H,
-    mut parametrics: Parametrics
+  parametrics: Option<&Stackframe<u64>>
 ) {
   match clause {
     // Skip autos
     Clause::Auto(id, _, body) => {
-            parametrics.set(id, true);
       partial_hash_rec(body, state, parametrics)
     }
     // Annotate everything else with a prefix
     // - Recurse into the tree of lambdas and calls - classic lambda calc
     Clause::Lambda(id, _, body) => {
       state.write_u8(0);
-            parametrics.set(id, false);
+      partial_hash_rec(body, state, Some(&Stackframe::opush(parametrics, *id)))
-            partial_hash_rec(body, state, parametrics)
     }
     Clause::Apply(f, x) => {
       state.write_u8(1);
       partial_hash_rec(f, state, parametrics.clone());
       partial_hash_rec(x, state, parametrics);
     }
+    Clause::AutoArg(..) => state.write_u8(2),
     // - Only recognize the depth of an argument if it refers to a non-auto parameter
-        Clause::Argument(own_id) => {
+    Clause::LambdaArg(own_id) => {
-            let (pos, is_auto) = parametrics.iter()
+      let pos = parametrics
-                .filter_map(|(id, is_auto)| is_auto.map(|is_auto| (*id, is_auto)))
+        .and_then(|sf| sf.iter().position(|id| id == own_id))
-                .find_position(|(id, is_auto)| id == own_id)
+        .unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-                .map(|(pos, (_, is_auto))| (pos, is_auto))
-                .unwrap_or((usize::MAX, false));
-            // If the argument references an auto, acknowledge its existence
-            if is_auto {
-                state.write_u8(2)
-            } else {
       state.write_u8(3);
       state.write_usize(pos)
     }
-        }
     // - Hash leaves like normal
     Clause::Literal(lit) => { state.write_u8(4); lit.hash(state) }
     Clause::Atom(at) => { state.write_u8(5); at.hash(state) }

src/executor/reduction_tree.rs

@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ pub fn skip_autos<'a,
 ) -> BoxedIter<'static, Mrc<Expr>> {
   if let Expr(Clause::Auto(id, arg, body), typ) = expr.as_ref() {
     return Box::new(skip_autos(Mrc::clone(body), function).map({
-            let arg = arg.as_ref().map(Mrc::clone);
+      let arg = Mrc::clone(arg);
       let typ = Mrc::clone(typ);
       move |body| {
         Mrc::new(Expr(Clause::Auto(
           *id, 
-                    arg.as_ref().map(Mrc::clone),
+          Mrc::clone(&arg),
           body
         ), Mrc::clone(&typ)))
       }
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ fn direct_reductions(ex: Mrc<Expr>) -> impl Iterator<Item = Mrc<Expr>> {
                 .unwrap_or(box_empty())
             },
             // Parametric newtypes are atoms of function type
-                        Clause::Atom(..) | Clause::Argument(..) | Clause::Apply(..) => box_empty(),
+            Clause::Atom(..) | Clause::LambdaArg(..) | Clause::AutoArg(..) | Clause::Apply(..) => box_empty(),
             Clause::Literal(lit) => 
               panic!("Literal expression {lit:?} can't be applied as function"),
             Clause::Auto(..) => unreachable!("skip_autos should have filtered this"),
@@ -76,11 +76,11 @@ fn direct_reductions(ex: Mrc<Expr>) -> impl Iterator<Item = Mrc<Expr>> {
       Clause::Lambda(id, argt, body) => {
         let id = *id;
         let typ = Mrc::clone(typ_ref);
-                let argt = argt.as_ref().map(Mrc::clone);
+        let argt = Mrc::clone(argt);
         let body = Mrc::clone(body);
         let body_reductions = direct_reductions(body)
           .map(move |body| {
-                        let argt = argt.as_ref().map(Mrc::clone);
+            let argt = Mrc::clone(&argt);
             Mrc::new(Expr(
               Clause::Lambda(id, argt, body),
               Mrc::clone(&typ)
@@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ fn direct_reductions(ex: Mrc<Expr>) -> impl Iterator<Item = Mrc<Expr>> {
           });
         Box::new(body_reductions)
       },
-            Clause::Literal(..) | Clause::ExternFn(..) | Clause::Atom(..) | Clause::Argument(..) =>
-                box_empty(),
       Clause::Auto(..) => unreachable!("skip_autos should have filtered this"),
+      Clause::Literal(..) | Clause::ExternFn(..) | Clause::Atom(..)
+      | Clause::LambdaArg(..) | Clause::AutoArg(..) => box_empty(),
     }
   })
 }

src/executor/syntax_eq.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::hash::{Hasher, Hash};
-use std::iter;
 
+use itertools::Itertools;
 use mappable_rc::Mrc;
 
-use crate::utils::{ProtoMap, Side};
+use crate::utils::{ProtoMap, Side, mrc_empty_slice, collect_to_mrc, Stackframe, mrc_concat, Product2};
 
 use super::super::representations::typed::{Clause, Expr};
-use super::super::utils::Stackframe;
 
 pub fn swap<T, U>((t, u): (T, U)) -> (U, T) { (u, t) }
 
@@ -17,23 +15,91 @@ pub fn swap<T, U>((t, u): (T, U)) -> (U, T) { (u, t) }
 // - get rid of leftovers from Explicit
 // - adapt to new index-based system
 
-// =@= =&= =%= =#= =$= =?= =!= =/=
+enum UnifError {
-// <@> <&> <%> <#> <$> <?> <!> </>
+  Conflict,
-// |@| |&| |%| |#| |$| |?| |!| |/|
+}
-// {@} {&} {%} {#} {$} {?} {!} {/}
+
-// (@) (&) (%) (#) ($) (?) (!) (/)
+type LambdaMap<'a> = Option<&'a Stackframe<'a, (u64, u64)>>;
-// [@] [&] [%] [#] [$] [?] [!] [/]
 
 /// The context associates a given variable (by absolute index) on a given side to
 /// an expression on the opposite side rooted at the specified depth.
 /// The root depths are used to translate betwee de Brujin arguments and absolute indices.
 struct Context(HashMap<u64, Mrc<Expr>>);
 impl Context {
-    fn set(&mut self, id: u64, value: Mrc<Expr>) {
+  fn set(&mut self, id: u64, value: &Mrc<Expr>, lambdas: LambdaMap) -> Result<Option<Mrc<Expr>>, UnifError> {
-        // If already defined, then it must be an argument
+    Ok(
-        if let Some(value) = self.0.get(&id) {
+      if let Some(local) = self.0.get(&id) {
-            if let Clause::Argument(opposite_up) ex.0
+        Some(
+          self.unify_expr(local, value, lambdas)?
+          .pick(Mrc::clone(local), Mrc::clone(value))
+        )
+      } else { None }
+    )
   }
+  
+  fn unify_expr(&mut self,
+    left: &Mrc<Expr>, right: &Mrc<Expr>, lambdas: LambdaMap
+  ) -> Result<Product2<Mrc<Expr>>, UnifError> {
+    let Expr(left_val, left_typs) = left.as_ref();
+    let Expr(right_val, right_typs) = right.as_ref();
+    let val = match (left_val, right_val) {
+      (Clause::AutoArg(l), Clause::AutoArg(r)) if l == r => Product2::Either,
+      (Clause::AutoArg(id), _) => self.set(*id, left, lambdas)?.as_ref()
+        .map_or(Product2::Left, |e| Product2::New(e.0.clone())),
+      (_, Clause::AutoArg(id)) => self.set(*id, right, lambdas)?.as_ref()
+        .map_or(Product2::Right, |e| Product2::New(e.0.clone())),
+      _ => self.unify_clause(left_val, right_val, lambdas)?
+    };
+    Ok(match val {
+      Product2::Either if right_typs.is_empty() && left_typs.is_empty() => Product2::Either,
+      Product2::Left | Product2::Either if right_typs.is_empty() => Product2::Left,
+      Product2::Right | Product2::Either if left_typs.is_empty() => Product2::Right,
+      product => {
+        let all_types = mrc_concat(left_typs, right_typs);
+        Product2::New(Mrc::new(Expr(
+          product.pick(left_val.clone(), right_val.clone()),
+          all_types
+        )))
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn unify_clause(&mut self,
+    left: &Clause, right: &Clause, lambdas: LambdaMap
+  ) -> Result<Product2<Clause>, UnifError> {
+    Ok(match (left, right) {
+      (Clause::Literal(l), Clause::Literal(r)) if l == r => Product2::Either,
+      (Clause::Atom(l), Clause::Atom(r)) if l == r => Product2::Either,
+      (Clause::ExternFn(l), Clause::ExternFn(r)) if l == r => Product2::Either,
+      (Clause::LambdaArg(l), Clause::LambdaArg(r)) => if l == r {Product2::Either} else {
+        let is_equal = Stackframe::o_into_iter(lambdas)
+          .first_some(|(l_candidate, r_candidate)| {
+            if l_candidate == l && r_candidate == r {Some(true)} // match
+            else if l_candidate == l || r_candidate == r {Some(false)} // shadow
+            else {None} // irrelevant
+          }).unwrap_or(false);
+        // Reference: 
+        if is_equal {Product2::Left} else {return Err(UnifError::Conflict)}
+      }
+      (Clause::AutoArg(_), _) | (_, Clause::AutoArg(_)) => {
+        unreachable!("unify_expr should have handled this")
+      }
+      (Clause::Lambda(l_id, l_arg, l_body), Clause::Lambda(r_id, r_arg, r_body)) => {
+        let lambdas = Stackframe::opush(lambdas, (*l_id, *r_id));
+        self.unify_expr(l_body, r_body, Some(&lambdas))?
+          .map(|ex| Clause::Lambda(*l_id, mrc_empty_slice(), ex))
+      }
+      (Clause::Apply(l_f, l_x), Clause::Apply(r_f, r_x)) => {
+        self.unify_expr(l_f, r_f, lambdas)?.join((Mrc::clone(l_f), Mrc::clone(r_f)), 
+          self.unify_expr(l_x, r_x, lambdas)?, (Mrc::clone(l_x), Mrc::clone(r_x))
+        ).map(|(f, x)| Clause::Apply(f, x))
+      }
+      (Clause::Auto(l_id, l_arg, l_body), Clause::Auto(r_id, r_arg, r_body)) => {
+        let typ = self.unify(l_arg, r_arg, lambdas)?;
+        let body = self.unify_expr(l_body, r_body, lambdas)?;
+        typ.join((l_arg, r_arg), )
+      }
+    })
   }
 }
 

src/foreign.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+use std::any::Any;
+use std::fmt::{Display, Debug};
+use std::hash::Hash;
+
+use mappable_rc::Mrc;
+
+use crate::representations::typed::{Expr, Clause};
+
+pub trait ExternError: Display {}
+
+/// Represents an externally defined function from the perspective of the executor
+/// Since Orchid lacks basic numerical operations, these are also external functions.
+pub struct ExternFn {
+  name: String, param: Mrc<Expr>, rttype: Mrc<Expr>,
+  function: Mrc<dyn Fn(Clause) -> Result<Clause, Mrc<dyn ExternError>>>
+}
+
+impl ExternFn {
+  pub fn new<F: 'static + Fn(Clause) -> Result<Clause, Mrc<dyn ExternError>>>(
+    name: String, param: Mrc<Expr>, rttype: Mrc<Expr>, f: F
+  ) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      name, param, rttype,
+      function: Mrc::map(Mrc::new(f), |f| {
+        f as &dyn Fn(Clause) -> Result<Clause, Mrc<dyn ExternError>>
+      })
+    }
+  }
+  pub fn name(&self) -> &str {&self.name}
+  pub fn apply(&self, arg: Clause) -> Result<Clause, Mrc<dyn ExternError>> {(self.function)(arg)}
+}
+
+impl Clone for ExternFn { fn clone(&self) -> Self { Self {
+  name: self.name.clone(),
+  param: Mrc::clone(&self.param),
+  rttype: Mrc::clone(&self.rttype),
+  function: Mrc::clone(&self.function)
+}}}
+impl Eq for ExternFn {}
+impl PartialEq for ExternFn {
+  fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool { self.name() == other.name() }
+}
+impl Hash for ExternFn {
+  fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) { self.name.hash(state) }
+}
+impl Debug for ExternFn {
+  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    write!(f, "##EXTERN[{}]:{:?} -> {:?}##", self.name(), self.param, self.rttype)
+  }
+}
+
+pub trait Atomic: Any + Debug where Self: 'static {
+  fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
+  fn definitely_eq(&self, _other: &dyn Any) -> bool;
+  fn hash(&self, hasher: &mut dyn std::hash::Hasher);
+}
+
+/// Represents a unit of information from the perspective of the executor. This may be
+/// something like a file descriptor which functions can operate on, but it can also be
+/// information in the universe of types or kinds such as the type of signed integers or
+/// the kind of types. Ad absurdum it can also be just a number, although Literal is
+/// preferable for types it's defined on.
+pub struct Atom {
+  typ: Mrc<Expr>,
+  data: Mrc<dyn Atomic>
+}
+impl Atom {
+  pub fn new<T: 'static + Atomic>(data: T, typ: Mrc<Expr>) -> Self { Self{
+    typ,
+    data: Mrc::map(Mrc::new(data), |d| d as &dyn Atomic)
+  } }
+  pub fn data(&self) -> &dyn Atomic { self.data.as_ref() as &dyn Atomic }
+  pub fn try_cast<T: Atomic>(&self) -> Result<&T, ()> {
+    self.data().as_any().downcast_ref().ok_or(())
+  }
+  pub fn is<T: 'static>(&self) -> bool { self.data().as_any().is::<T>() }
+  pub fn cast<T: 'static>(&self) -> &T {
+    self.data().as_any().downcast_ref().expect("Type mismatch on Atom::cast")
+  }
+}
+
+impl Clone for Atom {
+  fn clone(&self) -> Self { Self {
+    typ: Mrc::clone(&self.typ),
+    data: Mrc::clone(&self.data)
+  } }
+}
+impl Hash for Atom {
+  fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+    self.data.hash(state);
+    self.typ.hash(state)
+  }
+}
+impl Debug for Atom {
+  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    write!(f, "##ATOM[{:?}]:{:?}##", self.data(), self.typ)
+  }
+}
+impl Eq for Atom {}
+impl PartialEq for Atom {
+  fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+    self.data().definitely_eq(other.data().as_any())
+  }
+}

src/main.rs

@@ -2,16 +2,19 @@
 #![feature(core_intrinsics)]
 #![feature(adt_const_params)]
 #![feature(generic_const_exprs)] 
+#![feature(generators, generator_trait)]
+
 
 use std::env::current_dir;
 
-mod executor;
+// mod executor;
 mod parse;
 mod project;
 mod utils;
 mod representations;
 mod rule;
-mod types;
+mod scheduler;
+pub(crate) mod foreign;
 use file_loader::LoadingError;
 pub use representations::ast;
 use ast::{Expr, Clause};
@@ -19,7 +22,7 @@ use representations::typed as t;
 use mappable_rc::Mrc;
 use project::{rule_collector, Loaded, file_loader};
 use rule::Repository;
-use utils::to_mrc_slice;
+use utils::{to_mrc_slice, mrc_empty_slice, one_mrc_slice};
 
 fn literal(orig: &[&str]) -> Mrc<[String]> {
   to_mrc_slice(vliteral(orig))
@@ -48,17 +51,17 @@ fn initial_tree() -> Mrc<[Expr]> {
 
 #[allow(unused)]
 fn typed_notation_debug() {
-    let true_ex = t::Clause::Auto(0, None,
+  let true_ex = t::Clause::Auto(0, mrc_empty_slice(),
-        t::Clause::Lambda(1, Some(Mrc::new(t::Clause::Argument(0))), 
+    t::Clause::Lambda(1, one_mrc_slice(t::Clause::AutoArg(0)), 
-            t::Clause::Lambda(2, Some(Mrc::new(t::Clause::Argument(0))),
+      t::Clause::Lambda(2, one_mrc_slice(t::Clause::AutoArg(0)),
-                t::Clause::Argument(1).wrap_t(t::Clause::Argument(0))
+        t::Clause::LambdaArg(1).wrap_t(t::Clause::AutoArg(0))
       ).wrap()
     ).wrap()
   ).wrap();
-    let false_ex = t::Clause::Auto(0, None,
+  let false_ex = t::Clause::Auto(0, mrc_empty_slice(),
-        t::Clause::Lambda(1, Some(Mrc::new(t::Clause::Argument(0))),
+    t::Clause::Lambda(1, one_mrc_slice(t::Clause::AutoArg(0)),
-            t::Clause::Lambda(2, Some(Mrc::new(t::Clause::Argument(0))),
+      t::Clause::Lambda(2, one_mrc_slice(t::Clause::AutoArg(0)),
-                t::Clause::Argument(2).wrap_t(t::Clause::Argument(0))
+        t::Clause::LambdaArg(2).wrap_t(t::Clause::AutoArg(0))
       ).wrap()
     ).wrap()
   ).wrap();

src/representations/ast.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use ordered_float::NotNan;
 use std::{hash::Hash, intrinsics::likely};
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use crate::utils::mrc_empty_slice;
-use crate::{executor::{ExternFn, Atom}, utils::one_mrc_slice};
+use crate::{foreign::{ExternFn, Atom}, utils::one_mrc_slice};
 
 use super::Literal;
 

src/representations/ast_to_typed.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use mappable_rc::Mrc;
 
-use crate::utils::{Stackframe, to_mrc_slice, mrc_empty_slice, ProtoMap};
+use crate::utils::{Stackframe, to_mrc_slice, mrc_empty_slice, ProtoMap, one_mrc_slice};
 
 use super::{ast, typed};
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ const NAMES_INLINE_COUNT:usize = 3;
 /// Recursive state of [exprv]
 fn exprv_rec(
   v: &[ast::Expr],
-    names: ProtoMap<&str, u64, NAMES_INLINE_COUNT>,
+  names: ProtoMap<&str, (u64, bool), NAMES_INLINE_COUNT>,
   next_id: &mut u64,
   explicits: Option<&Stackframe<Mrc<typed::Expr>>>,
 ) -> Result<(typed::Expr, usize), Error> {
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn exprv_rec(
 /// Recursive state of [expr]
 fn expr_rec(
   ast::Expr(val, typ): &ast::Expr,
-    names: ProtoMap<&str, u64, NAMES_INLINE_COUNT>,
+  names: ProtoMap<&str, (u64, bool), NAMES_INLINE_COUNT>,
   next_id: &mut u64,
   explicits: Option<&Stackframe<Mrc<typed::Expr>>> // known explicit values
 ) -> Result<(typed::Expr, usize), Error> { // (output, used_explicits)
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn expr_rec(
 /// Recursive state of [clause]
 fn clause_rec(
   cls: &ast::Clause,
-    names: ProtoMap<&str, u64, NAMES_INLINE_COUNT>,
+  names: ProtoMap<&str, (u64, bool), NAMES_INLINE_COUNT>,
   next_id: &mut u64,
   mut explicits: Option<&Stackframe<Mrc<typed::Expr>>>
 ) -> Result<(typed::Clause, usize), Error> {
@@ -126,15 +126,15 @@ fn clause_rec(
       ).unwrap_or_default();
       explicits = rest_explicits;
       // Convert the type
-            let typ = if t.len() == 0 {None} else {
+      let typ = if t.len() == 0 {mrc_empty_slice()} else {
         let (typed::Expr(c, t), _) = exprv_rec(
           t.as_ref(), names, next_id, None
         )?;
         if t.len() > 0 {return Err(Error::ExplicitBottomKind)}
-                else {Some(Mrc::new(c))}
+        else {one_mrc_slice(c)}
       };
       // Traverse body with extended context
-            if let Some(name) = no {names.set(&&**name, id)}
+      if let Some(name) = no {names.set(&&**name, (id, true))}
       let (body, used_expls) = exprv_rec(
         b.as_ref(), names, next_id, explicits
       )?;
@@ -153,14 +153,14 @@ fn clause_rec(
       let id = *next_id;
       *next_id += 1;
       // Convert the type
-            let typ = if t.len() == 0 {None} else {
+      let typ = if t.len() == 0 {mrc_empty_slice()} else {
         let (typed::Expr(c, t), _) = exprv_rec(
           t.as_ref(), names, next_id, None
         )?;
         if t.len() > 0 {return Err(Error::ExplicitBottomKind)}
-                else {Some(Mrc::new(c))}
+        else {one_mrc_slice(c)}
       };
-            names.set(&&**n, id);
+      names.set(&&**n, (id, false));
       let (body, used_expls) = exprv_rec(
         b.as_ref(), names, next_id, explicits
       )?;
@@ -168,9 +168,10 @@ fn clause_rec(
     }
     ast::Clause::Literal(l) => Ok((typed::Clause::Literal(l.clone()), 0)),
     ast::Clause::Name { local: Some(arg), .. } => {
-            let uid = names.get(&&**arg)
+      let (uid, is_auto) = names.get(&&**arg)
         .ok_or_else(|| Error::Unbound(arg.clone()))?;
-            Ok((typed::Clause::Argument(*uid), 0))
+      let label = if *is_auto {typed::Clause::AutoArg} else {typed::Clause::LambdaArg};
+      Ok((label(*uid), 0))
     }
     ast::Clause::S(paren, entries) => {
       if *paren != '(' {return Err(Error::BadGroup(*paren))}

src/representations/typed.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use mappable_rc::Mrc;
-use crate::executor::Atom;
+use crate::foreign::{Atom, ExternFn};
 use crate::utils::{to_mrc_slice, one_mrc_slice};
-use crate::{executor::ExternFn, utils::string_from_charset};
+use crate::utils::string_from_charset;
 
 use super::{Literal, ast_to_typed};
 use super::ast;
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ impl Debug for Expr {
 pub enum Clause {
   Literal(Literal),
   Apply(Mrc<Expr>, Mrc<Expr>),
-    Lambda(u64, Option<Mrc<Clause>>, Mrc<Expr>),
+  Lambda(u64, Mrc<[Clause]>, Mrc<Expr>),
-    Auto(u64, Option<Mrc<Clause>>, Mrc<Expr>),
+  Auto(u64, Mrc<[Clause]>, Mrc<Expr>),
-    Argument(u64),
+  LambdaArg(u64), AutoArg(u64),
   ExternFn(ExternFn),
   Atom(Atom)
 }
@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ const ARGNAME_CHARSET: &str = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
 
 fn parametric_fmt(
   f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>,
-    prefix: &str, argtyp: Option<Mrc<Clause>>, body: Mrc<Expr>, uid: u64, wrap_right: bool
+  prefix: &str, argtyp: Mrc<[Clause]>, body: Mrc<Expr>, uid: u64, wrap_right: bool
 ) -> std::fmt::Result {
   if wrap_right { f.write_char('(')?; }
   f.write_str(prefix)?;
   f.write_str(&string_from_charset(uid, ARGNAME_CHARSET))?;
-    if let Some(typ) = argtyp {
+  for typ in argtyp.iter() {
     f.write_str(":")?;
     typ.deep_fmt(f, Wrap(false, false))?;
   }
@@ -81,12 +81,14 @@ impl Clause {
       Self::ExternFn(nc) => write!(f, "{nc:?}"),
       Self::Atom(a) => write!(f, "{a:?}"),
       Self::Lambda(uid, argtyp, body) => parametric_fmt(f,
-                "\\", argtyp.as_ref().map(Mrc::clone), Mrc::clone(body), *uid, wr
+        "\\", Mrc::clone(argtyp), Mrc::clone(body), *uid, wr
       ),
       Self::Auto(uid, argtyp, body) => parametric_fmt(f,
-                "@", argtyp.as_ref().map(Mrc::clone), Mrc::clone(body), *uid, wr
+        "@", Mrc::clone(argtyp), Mrc::clone(body), *uid, wr
+      ),
+      Self::LambdaArg(uid) | Self::AutoArg(uid) => f.write_str(&
+        string_from_charset(*uid, ARGNAME_CHARSET)
       ),
-            Self::Argument(uid) => f.write_str(&string_from_charset(*uid, ARGNAME_CHARSET)),
       Self::Apply(func, x) => {
         if wl { f.write_char('(')?; }
         func.deep_fmt(f, Wrap(false, true) )?;
@@ -104,13 +106,14 @@ impl Clause {
 impl Clone for Clause {
   fn clone(&self) -> Self {
     match self {
-            Clause::Auto(uid,t, b) => Clause::Auto(*uid, t.as_ref().map(Mrc::clone), Mrc::clone(b)),
+      Clause::Auto(uid,t, b) => Clause::Auto(*uid, Mrc::clone(t), Mrc::clone(b)),
-            Clause::Lambda(uid, t, b) => Clause::Lambda(*uid, t.as_ref().map(Mrc::clone), Mrc::clone(b)),
+      Clause::Lambda(uid, t, b) => Clause::Lambda(*uid, Mrc::clone(t), Mrc::clone(b)),
       Clause::Literal(l) => Clause::Literal(l.clone()),
       Clause::ExternFn(nc) => Clause::ExternFn(nc.clone()),
       Clause::Atom(a) => Clause::Atom(a.clone()),
       Clause::Apply(f, x) => Clause::Apply(Mrc::clone(f), Mrc::clone(x)),
-            Clause::Argument(lvl) => Clause::Argument(*lvl)
+      Clause::LambdaArg(id) => Clause::LambdaArg(*id),
+      Clause::AutoArg(id) => Clause::AutoArg(*id)
     }
   }
 }

src/scheduler/generator_task.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+use std::{ops::{Generator, GeneratorState}, pin::Pin};
+
+use super::{Task, Nice, TaskState};
+
+pub struct GeneratorTask<G: Generator<(), Yield = ()>> {
+  nice: Nice,
+  generator: Pin<Box<G>>
+}
+
+impl<G> GeneratorTask<G> where G: Generator<(), Yield = ()> {
+  fn new(nice: Nice, generator: G) -> Self { Self {
+    nice,
+    generator: Box::pin(generator)
+  } }
+}
+
+impl<G> Task for GeneratorTask<G>
+where G: Generator<(), Yield = ()> {
+  type Result = G::Return;
+
+  fn run_once(&mut self) -> super::TaskState<Self::Result> {
+    match self.generator.as_mut().resume(()) {
+      GeneratorState::Yielded(()) => super::TaskState::Yield,
+      GeneratorState::Complete(r) => super::TaskState::Complete(r)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl<T> Task for Pin<Box<T>> where T: Generator<(), Yield = ()> {
+  type Result = T::Return;
+
+  fn run_once(&mut self) -> super::TaskState<Self::Result> {
+    match self.as_mut().resume(()) {
+      GeneratorState::Yielded(()) => TaskState::Yield,
+      GeneratorState::Complete(r) => TaskState::Complete(r)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! subtask {
+  ($g:tt) => { {
+    let task = $g;
+    loop {
+      match task.run_once() {
+        TaskState::Yield => yield;
+        TaskState::Complete(r) => break r;
+      }
+    }
+  } };
+}

src/scheduler/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+mod generator_task;
+mod task_pair;
+mod task_vec;
+
+pub type Nice = u16;
+pub type Priority = i32;
+
+pub enum TaskState<R> {
+  Yield,
+  Complete(R)
+}
+
+pub trait Task {
+  type Result;
+  
+  fn run_once(&mut self) -> TaskState<Self::Result>;
+
+  fn run_n_times(&mut self, count: u64) -> TaskState<Self::Result> {
+    for _ in 0..count {
+      if let r@TaskState::Complete(_) = self.run_once() {
+        return r
+      }
+    }
+    return TaskState::Yield
+  }
+
+  fn run_to_completion(&mut self) -> Self::Result {
+    loop { if let TaskState::Complete(r) = self.run_once() {return r} }
+  }
+
+  fn boxed<'a>(self) -> TaskBox<'a, Self::Result> where Self: 'a + Sized { Box::new(self) }
+}
+
+pub type TaskBox<'a, T> = Box<dyn Task<Result = T> + 'a>;
+
+impl<'a, R> Task for TaskBox<'a, R> {
+  type Result = R;
+
+  fn run_once(&mut self) -> TaskState<Self::Result> { self.as_mut().run_once() }
+  fn run_n_times(&mut self, count: u64) -> TaskState<Self::Result> {
+    self.as_mut().run_n_times(count)
+  }
+
+  fn run_to_completion(&mut self) -> Self::Result {
+    self.as_mut().run_to_completion()
+  }
+}

src/scheduler/notes.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Purpose
+
+Type expressions are trees. Any single branch could terminate the solver and any branch may be nonterminating, therefore all of them must be run concurrently. Thread-based concurrency isn't an option because a compiler must be perfectly deterministic. It is also beneficial to have fine-grained control over the relative priority of different tasks.

src/scheduler/task_pair.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+use crate::utils::translate::process;
+
+use super::{Task, Nice, Priority, TaskState};
+
+enum TaskPairState<T: Task, U: Task> {
+  Empty,
+  Left(T, U::Result),
+  Right(T::Result, U),
+  Both(T, U)
+}
+
+pub struct TaskPair<T: Task, U: Task> {
+  l_nice: Nice,
+  r_nice: Nice,
+  state: TaskPairState<T, U>,
+  tally: Priority,
+}
+
+impl<T: Task, U: Task> TaskPair<T, U> {
+  pub fn new(l_nice: Nice, left: T, r_nice: Nice, right: U) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      l_nice, r_nice,
+      tally: 0,
+      state: TaskPairState::Both(left, right)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl<T: Task, U: Task> Task for TaskPair<T, U> {
+  type Result = (T::Result, U::Result);
+
+  fn run_once(&mut self) -> TaskState<Self::Result> {
+    let TaskPair{ state, tally, l_nice, r_nice } = self;
+    let ret = process(state, |s| match s {
+      TaskPairState::Empty => panic!("Generator completed and empty"),
+      TaskPairState::Left(mut l_task, r_res) => {
+        match l_task.run_once() {
+          TaskState::Complete(r) => (TaskPairState::Empty, TaskState::Complete((r, r_res))),
+          TaskState::Yield => (TaskPairState::Left(l_task, r_res), TaskState::Yield),
+        }
+      }
+      TaskPairState::Right(l_res, mut r_task) => {
+        match r_task.run_once() {
+          TaskState::Complete(r) => (TaskPairState::Empty, TaskState::Complete((l_res, r))),
+          TaskState::Yield => (TaskPairState::Right(l_res, r_task), TaskState::Yield),
+        }
+      }
+      TaskPairState::Both(mut l_task, mut r_task) => {
+        let state = if 0 <= *tally {
+          *tally -= *l_nice as Priority;
+          match l_task.run_once() {
+            TaskState::Complete(r) => TaskPairState::Right(r, r_task),
+            TaskState::Yield => TaskPairState::Both(l_task, r_task),
+          }
+        } else {
+          *tally += *r_nice as Priority;
+          match r_task.run_once() {
+            TaskState::Complete(r) => TaskPairState::Left(l_task, r),
+            TaskState::Yield => TaskPairState::Both(l_task, r_task),
+          }
+        };
+        (state, TaskState::Yield)
+      }
+    });
+    ret
+  }
+}

src/scheduler/task_vec.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+use std::iter;
+
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use super::{Task, Nice, TaskState};
+
+const NORMALIZATION_THRESHOLD:Nice = Nice::MAX / 4;
+
+struct TaskEntry<T: Task> {
+  nice: Nice,
+  position: usize,
+  tally: Nice,
+  task: T
+}
+
+struct TaskVec<T: Task> {
+  results: Vec<Option<T::Result>>,
+  task_heap: Vec<Option<TaskEntry<T>>>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Task> TaskVec<T> {
+  pub fn new(tasks: Vec<(Nice, T)>) -> Self {
+    let mut results = Vec::with_capacity(tasks.len());
+    results.resize_with(tasks.len(), || None);
+    let task_heap = tasks.into_iter().enumerate()
+      .map(|(position, (nice, task))| Some(TaskEntry{ nice, task, position, tally: 1 }))
+      .collect_vec();
+    Self { results, task_heap }
+  }
+  
+  fn entry(&self, i: usize) -> Option<&TaskEntry<T>> {
+    if self.task_heap.len() <= i {None}
+    else {self.task_heap[i].as_ref()}
+  }
+  fn entry_mut(&mut self, i: usize) -> Option<&mut TaskEntry<T>> {
+    if self.task_heap.len() <= i {None}
+    else {self.task_heap[i].as_mut()}
+  }
+  fn tally(&self, i: usize) -> Nice {
+    self.task_heap[i].as_ref().map(|e| e.tally).unwrap_or(0)
+  }
+  fn swap(&mut self, a: usize, b: usize) {
+    self.task_heap.swap(a, b);
+  }
+  fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut TaskEntry<T>> {
+    self.task_heap.iter_mut().filter_map(|e| e.as_mut())
+  }
+
+  fn normalize(&mut self) {
+    let shrink_count = self.task_heap.iter().rev().take_while(|e| e.is_none()).count();
+    let new_len = self.task_heap.len() - shrink_count;
+    self.task_heap.splice(0..new_len, iter::empty());
+    let head = self.entry_mut(0);
+    let offset = if let Some(e) = head {
+      let offset = e.tally - 1;
+      if offset < NORMALIZATION_THRESHOLD {return}
+      e.tally = 1;
+      offset
+    } else {return};
+    for entry in self.iter_mut() { entry.tally -= offset }
+  }
+
+  fn sink(&mut self, i: usize) {
+    let lchi = 2*i + 1;
+    let rchi = 2*i + 2;
+    let t = self.tally(i);
+    let lcht = if let Some(e) = self.entry(lchi) {e.tally} else {
+      if self.tally(rchi) < t {
+        self.swap(rchi, i);
+        self.sink(rchi);
+      }
+      return
+    };
+    let rcht = if let Some(e) = self.entry(rchi) {e.tally} else {
+      if self.tally(lchi) < t {
+        self.swap(lchi, i);
+        self.sink(lchi);
+      }
+      return
+    };
+    let mchi = {
+      if rcht < t && rcht < lcht {rchi}
+      else if lcht < t && lcht < rcht {lchi}
+      else {return}
+    };
+    self.swap(i, mchi);
+    self.sink(mchi);
+  }
+}
+
+impl<T: Task> Task for TaskVec<T> {
+  fn run_once(&mut self) -> super::TaskState<Self::Result> {
+    let head = &mut self.task_heap[0];
+    let head_entry = head.as_mut().expect("All completed, cannot run further");
+    head_entry.tally += head_entry.nice;
+    match head_entry.task.run_once() {
+      TaskState::Complete(r) => {
+        self.results[head_entry.position] = Some(r);
+        *head = None;
+        self.sink(0);
+        if self.entry(0).is_some() {
+          
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}

src/types/hindley_milner.rs.proto

@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-use std::{borrow::Borrow};
-use std::hash::Hash;
-
-use hashbrown::HashMap;
-use mappable_rc::Mrc;
-
-use crate::{ast::{Expr, Clause}, utils::mrc_to_iter};
-
-pub struct Substitution(HashMap<String, Mrc<Expr>>);
-impl Substitution {
-    fn new() -> Self { Self(HashMap::new()) }
-    fn apply<Q: ?Sized + Hash + Eq>(&self, q: &Q) -> Option<Mrc<Expr>>
-    where String: Borrow<Q> {
-        self.0.get(q).map(Mrc::clone)
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn hindley_milner(a: Mrc<[Expr]>, b: Mrc<[Expr]>) -> Result<Substitution, ()> {
-    hindley_milner_rec(Substitution::new(), a, b)
-}
-
-pub fn hindley_milner_rec(mut s: Substitution, a: Mrc<[Expr]>, b: Mrc<[Expr]>)
--> Result<Substitution, ()> {
-    if a.len() != b.len() {return Err(())}
-    for (mut a, mut b) in mrc_to_iter(a).zip(mrc_to_iter(b)) {
-        if let Clause::Placeh{key, ..} = &a.0 {
-            if let Some(ex) = s.apply(key) { a = ex }
-        }
-        if let Clause::Placeh{key, ..} = &b.0 {
-            if let Some(ex) = s.apply(key) { b = ex }
-        }
-        if !matches!(&a.0, Clause::Placeh{..}) { (a, b) = (b, a) }
-        match (&a.0, &b.0) {
-            (Clause::Placeh{key:a_key,..}, Clause::Placeh{key:b_key,..}) =>
-                if a_key == b_key {return Ok(s)},
-            
-            _ => return Err(())
-        }
-        if let (Clause::Placeh{key: a_key,..}, Clause::Placeh{key: b_key,..}) = (&a.0, &b.0) {
-            if a_key == b_key {return Ok(s)}
-        } else if let (Clause::S(_, a_body), Clause::S(_, b_body)) = (&a.0, &b.0) {
-            s = hindley_milner_rec(s, Mrc::clone(a_body), Mrc::clone(b_body))?
-        } else if let ()
-    }
-    Ok(s)
-}
-
-pub fn occurs(key: &str, val: &Expr) -> bool {
-    match val.0 {
-        Clause::Auto(_, _, body) => body.
-    }
-}

src/types/mod.rs

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-// mod hindley_milner;
-
-#[derive(Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum Expression<L, V, O, F> {
-    Literal(L),
-    Variable(V),
-    Operation(O, Vec<Expression<L, V, O, F>>),
-    Lazy(F)
-}
-
-pub struct Rule {
-
-}

src/utils/mod.rs

@@ -1,23 +1,26 @@
 mod cache;
+pub mod translate;
+pub use cache::Cache;
 mod substack;
+pub use substack::Stackframe;
 mod side;
+pub use side::Side;
 mod merge_sorted;
+pub use merge_sorted::merge_sorted;
 mod unwrap_or;
 pub mod iter;
+pub use iter::BoxedIter;
 mod bfs;
 mod unless_let;
 mod string_from_charset;
+pub use string_from_charset::string_from_charset;
 mod for_loop;
 mod protomap;
-
-pub use cache::Cache;
-use mappable_rc::Mrc;
-pub use substack::Stackframe;
-pub use side::Side;
-pub use merge_sorted::merge_sorted;
-pub use iter::BoxedIter;
-pub use string_from_charset::string_from_charset;
 pub use protomap::ProtoMap;
+mod product2;
+pub use product2::Product2;
+
+use mappable_rc::Mrc;
 
 pub fn mrc_derive<T: ?Sized, P, U: ?Sized>(m: &Mrc<T>, p: P) -> Mrc<U>
 where P: for<'a> FnOnce(&'a T) -> &'a U {
@@ -76,3 +79,7 @@ pub fn mrc_slice_to_only_option<T>(m: Mrc<[T]>) -> Result<Option<Mrc<T>>, ()> {
     else {Some(&slice[0])}
   }).ok())
 }
+
+pub fn mrc_concat<T: Clone>(a: &Mrc<[T]>, b: &Mrc<[T]>) -> Mrc<[T]> {
+  collect_to_mrc(a.iter().chain(b.iter()).cloned())
+}

src/utils/product2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+use super::Side;
+
+/// The output of a two-part algorithm. The values are
+/// 
+/// - [Product2::Left] or [Product2::Right] if one of the arguments is the product
+/// - [Product2::Either] if the arguments are identical
+/// - [Product2::New] if the product is a different value from either
+pub enum Product2<T> {
+  Left,
+  Right,
+  Either,
+  New(T)
+}
+impl<T> Product2<T> {
+  /// Convert the product into a concrete value by providing the original arguments
+  pub fn pick(self, left: T, right: T) -> T {
+    match self {
+      Self::Left | Self::Either => left,
+      Self::Right => right,
+      Self::New(t) => t
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Combine some subresults into a tuple representing a greater result
+  pub fn join<U>(
+    self, (lt, rt): (T, T),
+    second: Product2<U>, (lu, ru): (U, U)
+  ) -> Product2<(T, U)> {
+    match (self, second) {
+      (Self::Either, Product2::Either) => Product2::Either,
+      (Self::Left | Self::Either, Product2::Left | Product2::Either) => Product2::Left,
+      (Self::Right | Self::Either, Product2::Right | Product2::Either) => Product2::Right,
+      (t, u) => Product2::New((t.pick(lt, rt), u.pick(lu, ru)))
+    }
+  }
+  
+  /// Translate results back into the type of the original problem.
+  pub fn map<A, F: FnOnce(T) -> A>(self, f: F) -> Product2<A> {
+    match self {
+      Product2::Left => Product2::Left, Product2::Right => Product2::Right,
+      Product2::Either => Product2::Either,
+      Product2::New(t) => Product2::New(f(t))
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Technically very different but sometimes neecessary to translate
+impl<T> From<Side> for Product2<T> {
+  fn from(value: Side) -> Self {match value {
+    Side::Left => Self::Left,
+    Side::Right => Self::Right
+  }}
+}

src/utils/substack.rs

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ impl<'a, T: 'a> Stackframe<'a, T> {
       len: self.len + 1
     }
   }
-    pub fn opush(prev: Option<&Self>, item: T) -> Self {
+  pub fn opush(prev: Option<&'a Self>, item: T) -> Self {
     Self {
       item,
       prev,
@@ -49,6 +49,9 @@ impl<'a, T: 'a> Stackframe<'a, T> {
     if count == 0 {cur}
     else {Self::opop(cur.expect("Index out of range").prev, count - 1)}
   }
+  pub fn o_into_iter(curr: Option<&Self>) -> StackframeIterator<T> {
+    StackframeIterator { curr }
+  }
 }
 
 impl<'a, T> Debug for Stackframe<'a, T> where T: Debug {
@@ -62,6 +65,17 @@ pub struct StackframeIterator<'a, T> {
   curr: Option<&'a Stackframe<'a, T>>
 }
 
+impl<'a, T> StackframeIterator<'a, T> {
+  pub fn first_some<U, F: Fn(&T) -> Option<U>>(&mut self, f: F) -> Option<U> {
+    while let Some(x) = self.next() {
+      if let Some(result) = f(x) {
+        return Some(result)
+      }
+    }
+    None
+  }
+}
+
 impl<'a, T> Iterator for StackframeIterator<'a, T> {
   type Item = &'a T;
   fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&'a T> {

src/utils/translate.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use std::mem;
+
+pub fn translate<T, F: FnOnce(T) -> T>(data: &mut T, f: F) {
+  unsafe {
+    let mut acc = mem::MaybeUninit::<T>::uninit().assume_init();
+    mem::swap(&mut acc, data);
+    let mut new = f(acc);
+    mem::swap(&mut new, data);
+    mem::forget(new);
+  }
+}
+
+pub fn process<T, U, F: FnOnce(T) -> (T, U)>(data: &mut T, f: F) -> U {
+  unsafe {
+    let mut acc = mem::MaybeUninit::<T>::uninit().assume_init();
+    mem::swap(&mut acc, data);
+    let (mut new, ret) = f(acc);
+    mem::swap(&mut new, data);
+    mem::forget(new);
+    ret
+  }
+}